ВАРІАБЕЛЬНІСТЬ СЕРЦЕВОГО РИТМУ У СПОРТСМЕНІВ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2522-1795.2022.12.18Słowa kluczowe:
варіабельність серцевого ритму, спортсмени, тренування, фізичні навантаження, втомаAbstrakt
Мета. Аналіз фізіологічних основ і оцінки ефективності застосування показників варіабельності серцевого ритму у спортсменів. Методи.Системно-функціональний аналіз спеціальної літератури та матеріалів мережі Інтернет ((PubMed, Google Scholar) )за останні десять років. Результати. Науковий доробок щодо вивчення варіабельності серцевого ритму у спортсменів є доволі значним. Регулярні заняття фізичними вправами та спортом сприяють функціональним та структурним змінам центральних та периферичних механізмів роботи серцево-судинної системи. У дослідженнях, що порівнюють варіабельність серцевого ритму між малорухливими та активними суб'єктами або спортсменами різних видів спорту, показано різні профілі варіабельності серцевого ритму, що говорить про можливість моніторингу показників ВСР для покращення фізичних та фізіологічних станів. Варіабельність серцевого ритму відразу після фізичного навантаження відображає характерні реакції, які вказують, чи навантаження відповідає атлетичній підготовленості спортсмена, але у спортсменів високої кваліфікації на витривалість та/або спортсменів з багаторічною історією тренувань, алгоритм змін показників варіабельності серцевого ритму не завжди відповідає загальноприйнятим. Інтенсивність вправ є основним фактором, що впливає на варіабельність серцевого ритму, при цьому більша інтенсивність викликає нижчу варіабельності серцевого ритму під час фізичного навантаження, а об’єм м'язів, які приймають участь при тренуванні / або енерговитрати є визначальними факторами парасимпатичної реактивації після тренування. «Повна автономна дистонія» у більшості спортсменів з перетренуванням відображає більш розвинуту стадію дезадаптації, пов'язану з пригніченою регуляторною функцією автономної нервової системи, як симпатичного, так і вагусного впливу. Висновок. Отже, на сьогодні недостатньо експериментальних робіт, які могли б пояснити механізми змін варіабельності серцевого ритму при інтенсивних і тривалих тренуваннях у спортсменів високої кваліфікації. Про те, це дало б змогу розширити застосування результатів діагностики варіабельності серцевого ритму у спортсменів для планування тривалості, частоти та інтенсивності фізичних навантажень.
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