СПЕЦІАЛІЗОВАНІ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ СИСТЕМИ ЕНЕРГОЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ М’ЯЗОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВИСОКОКВАЛІФІКОВАНИХ ВЕЛОСИПЕДИСТІВ РІЗНОЇ СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2522-1795.2024.18.2.14Słowa kluczowe:
велосипедисти, зовнішнє дихання, енергозабезпечення, кисневотранспортна система, кровообігAbstrakt
Мета – аналіз функціональних рис системи енергозабезпечення роботи організму, які характерні для високих рівнів спеціальної працездатності у велоспорті. Матеріал та методи. Досліджено 44 велосипедисти високої кваліфікації: 16 спортсменів, які спеціалізуються в шосейних командних гонках, 12 спортсменів, які спеціалізуються в гонках переслідування на 4000 м на треку, 9 спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у гіті на 1000 м на треку, і 7 спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у спринті на треку. Дослідження проводилися в період 2017–2019 років. Застосовували комплексну методику визначення рівня функціональної підготовленості. Методика включала реєстрацію основних параметрів газообміну, зовнішнього дихання, крові, серцево-судинної системи під час різних навантажень. Результати. У велосипедистів (шосе) зареєстровані найбільші величини МСК (70.2±0.63 мл.хв.кг-1), ЖЄЛ (6985±5.219 мл), максимального хвилинного об’єму кровообігу (36.6±0.37 л.хв.-1), систолічного об’єму (201.5±5.17 мл), кількості кисню, що транспортується артеріальною кров’ю (91.7±4.06 мл.хв.кг-1 ваги тіла), дифузійної здатності легенів при МСК (102.5±2.96 мл.хв.-1, мм.рт.ст.) і деяких інших показників. Велосипедисти (спринт та гіт) виділялися найвищими величинами швидкості виведення СО2 у разі надкритичної потужності роботи, «алактатної» і «лактатної» потужності, високим відношенням вентиляції та циркуляції до газообміну. У них же відзначена найбільша місткість буферних підстав (51±0.7 мекв.л-1), чутливість до СО2 (34.4±3.92 мл.хв.-1 мм.рт.ст.кг-1), швидкість швидкого запасання СО2 (98 мл.хв.-1, мм.рт.ст.). Величини МСК у велосипедистів (спринт) – 54.8±1.21 мл.хв.кг-1 були достовірно нижчі, ніж у велосипедистів (гіт) – 62.6±0.86 мл.хв.кг-1 і велосипедистів (переслідування) – 67.3±1.05 мл.хв.кг-1. Висновки. Спеціалізація в різних видах велосипедних гонок істотно впливає і на працездатність у тестах, і на динаміку максимальних проявів показників газообміну, зовнішнього дихання, кровообігу, транспорту газів кров’ю, зрушень внутрішнього середовища організму. Економічність функціональних реакцій під час роботи критичної потужності вище у велосипедистів (шосе) і велосипедистів (переслідування). Найбільш високий рівень розвитку аеробної потужності спостерігається у велосипедистів (шосе), а найнижча величина цього показника характерна для велосипедистів (спринт). Найбільша величина анаеробної потужності відзначається у спортсменів, що спеціалізуються в гіті, а здатність до вибухового витрачання енергії – у спринті.
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